ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression.@*RESULTS@#The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Cigarette Smoking/trends , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Maintaining a huge elderly health, health promotion and community development is very important. Workers' health status is largely influenced by their working conditions and job. Work in mines, including those considered threats to workers' health
Materials and Methods: A number of 45 workers in each of the control and intervention groups participated in a quasi-experimental study. Demographic information and data related to HAM constructs and safety were collected through a HAM questionnaire and the safe operation checklist 3 months after the intervention. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to confirm properties of the tools. Educational intervention accompanied was applied in the form of four training classes. The Data were analyzed based on distribution of variables
Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographics and the study main variables. After training, however, results showed significant changes of mean scores of attitude [P<0.001], norms [P<0.001], belief [P<0.001], intention [P<0.001], knowledge [P<0.001] in the experimental group
Conclusion: The research results show that HAM educational intervention is able to change workers' awareness, attitude, norm, belief, and intention towards unsafe behavior and improve their safety performance
ABSTRACT
Background: It is important to know media and educational intervention and also produce them according to standards. Thus, media and health educational interventions should evaluate to improve education quality
Methods: The study sample were whole produced media and interventions in all medical universities, deportments, offices, and centers affiliated to ministry of health in 2008 and in the first half of 2009. Sampling took a census. The evaluating tool was a checklist which made in four domains including pre-media, media and intervention specifications, production, and implementation, evaluation
Results: 7.1% percent of media and interventions achieved 50 percent score in pre-media. The other results were respectively in media specification 63.7% percent, implementation and production 15.7% percent, and also evaluation 2.9% percent.Intervention just evaluated in pre-media
Conclusion: The results of the evaluation in health education media indicate that the IEC cycle [Information, Education, Communication] in health care system is an incomplete process. Meanwhile regardless of prerequisite the scoped phase will implicate and lead to educational budget dissipation
ABSTRACT
The values are the frameworks to legitimize human behaviors and to conceptualize socio-cultural phenomena. Normalizing human behavior values are formed through three main bases including cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary ones. Therefore, the normative values would shape through cognitive, motivate, and arbitrary foundations. Behavior formation and stabilization happen in the process of socialization. The socialization is the complex learning process based on reciprocal interactions through which individual behavior is moderated so as to meet the group expectations. In other words, the socialization changes the behavior values to normative behavior. Thus, the health behaviors values can be normalized through socialization.